Book Editor: Pier de Groot
E-mail: pier.de.groot@pandora.be

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Website last updated: 15 August, 2005


Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques

Ordering

Volume-I:
Please use the “Order Now” link to the Elsevier website about the handbook, where an option for ordering the book volume is included.

Volume-II:
Near completion. Some parts of the volume are under review and revision. Aim is to complete the volume before end of 2005.

Book description

     The aim of this book is to produce a handbook, including a review, as complete as reasonably possible, of analytical techniques for a large range of stable isotopes (element 1 [H] to element 35 [Br], excluding noble gases and those elements which only have one stable isotope), thus creating a handbook where laboratory workers can look up stable isotope techniques easily, without needing to dig into literature, which not always is obtainable without problem. This also might cause more standardization in analytical techniques and therefore more “similar” data for exchange between laboratories. Another aim is to present modern developments in, and subjective review of specific techniques, mostly in the parts 1 and 2 (Volume-I).

     At the start, the aim of this book was to concentrate on stable isotope analytical methods of pure geochemical interest, but very soon it became clear it was not easy to draw a line between purely geochemical methods with geological applications and methods used in other fields of science. Considering the interest isotope chemists working in other disciplines could have in a handbook on analytical techniques made me decide to extent the aims of this book, and to include a wide range of other disciplines, where stable isotope analyses is used for different purposes. Disciplines of interest, besides geochemistry, are: anthropology, archeaology, agricultural science, atmospheric science, biology, bio(geo)chemistry, climatology, ecology, environmentology, food science, forensic science, hydrology, marine science, medical science, meteoritic science, paleontology, and planetary science.

     The range of elements chosen is purely arbitrary. The lower limit of hydrogen isotopes is obvious. Since new methods have actually been developed for Br isotope analysis, in analogy with Cl isotope methods, I decided the element of Br to be the upper limit for this book. This also considerably extended the range of basic techniques. For instance, stable isotope analysis of elements such as Li, B, Mg, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga and Ge concentrate more on techniques such as solid source mass spectrometry, plasma methods, nuclear activation methods and a number of other methods, rather then gas source mass spectrometry as is commonly used, or optical spectrometry which is less commonly used for the elements: H, C, N, O, S, Cl, Se, and Br.
Other tools for isotope measurement, most of them crossing this clasical boundary between “solid source MS-gas source MS” as mentioned above, such as for example the secondary ionization mass spectrometer (SIMS). Far less common techniques, such as multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), tunable diode laser spectrometry (TDLAS), Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), are developed of which some are commonly used, while others are at different stages of development, or re-discovered as useful. An exception might be activation techniques, which can be considered 'classical', but are mostly used for quantitative purpose rather then for stable isotope analytical purpose, although stable isotopes generally are used in this technique. NMR techniques are used for site specific rather than compound specific isotopic ratio measurements.

     The first book volume is a multi-author work in two parts: Part 1 on analytical methods, including subjective reviews, specialized and novel methods, and specific tools/machines.
Part 2 on development of mass spectrometers, ion sources, standards and calibration, oxygen corrections for SO2 in mass spectrometry and experimental methods to obtain isotopic fractionation factors (part 2 also contains appendices with general information).
Volume two, Part 3, will be written by myself, with some contributions by others, in form of an objective review on existing analytical methods, based on published literature, reports, personal communication and own experience, and consisting of diagrams of systems with condensed descriptions of preparation methods and analytical procedures, and include directly related important matters (e.g. chemicals, temperatures of processes, grains sizes, laser types and qualities, preparation of reagents, catalysers etc. etc.).
Compilations of references will be given in single lists in the end of each book volume.

     Elsevier will publish the book (hardbound version) in two volumes, with the title: “Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques”.

Volume-I is completed and is actually in print. To order, please, use the link to an order form (pdf format) on this site.
Volume-II is still under review and revision and will be published later. Expected is that completion will still take several months.

Possibilities for the Future:
     Publishing in a digital form with on-line access at internet (for subscribers) is proposed by and discussed with the Elsevier editors. Eventual other forms of digital on-line publishing are considered, too. After publishing of the books, I continue to complete and update my reference work as given in Part 3 of the books. Special for this reason an on-line presentation can be very effective to have a regular upgrade of this reference data-base published in a fast way. Libraries of universities or research institutions might be interested in this form of publishing, giving them the opportunaty to link to all users on their computer networks to browse through the contents, when desired, without any time restriction of access, at office or at home.

Size of Book:

Volume I:

Volume II (estimated size):

Name and Address of editor/author:
Dr. Pier A. de Groot
Delta Isotope Consultancy
Pastoor Moorkensstraat 16
2400 Mol - Achterbos
Belgium
Tel. +32 (0)14 326 205
e-mail: pier.de.groot@pandora.be

Book Content

Volume I
Contributions
PART 1
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Horita, J. & Kendall, C.
 Stable isotope analysis of water and aqueous solutions by conventional dual-inlet mass spectrometry
Chapter 2 - Gilg, A., Girard, J-P. & Sheppard, S.M.F.
 Conventional and less conventional techniques for hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of clays, associated minerals and pore waters in sediments and soils
Chapter 3 - Dallai, L., Lucchini, L. & Sharp, Z.D.
 Techniques for stable isotope analysis of fluid and gaseous inclusions
Chapter 4 - Spanel, P. & Smith, D.
 Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and flowing afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS) for the determination of the deuterium abundance in water vapour in air and breath
Chapter 5 - Rezzi, S., Guillou, C., Reniero, F., Holland, V.M. & Ghelli, S.
 Natural abundance 2H-NMR spectroscopy application to food analysis
Chapter 6 - Chan, L-H.
 Mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of lithium isotopic composition in geological material
Chapter 7 - You, C-F.
 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry techniques for boron isotopic analysis: A review
Chapter 8 - Meier-Augenstein, W.
 GC and IRMS technology for 13C and 15N analysis on organic compounds and related gases
Chapter 9 - Teece, M.A. & Fogel, M.L.
 Preparation of ecological and biochemical samples for isotope analysis
Chapter 10 - Atekwana, E. & Krishnamurthy, R.
 Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in natural waters for isotopic analysis
Chapter 11 - Sephton, M.A. & Gilmour, I.
 Compound specific isotope analysis of the organic constituents of meteorites: Clues to the origin of life
Chapter 12 - Stuart-Williams, H. le Q.
 A new method for isotopic determination of sub-milligram carbonate samples by sulphamic acid reaction
Chapter 13 - Boyd, S.R.
 The determination of the abundance and isotopic composition of trace quantities of C and N in geological samples: the practice and principles of stepped-heating
Chapter 14 - Vaughn, B., Ferretti, D., Miller, J. & White, J.
 Stable isotope measurements of atmospheric CO2 and CH4
Chapter 15 - Chang, C.C.Y., Silva, S.R., Kendall, C., Michalski, G., Casciotti, K.L. & Wankel, S.
 Preparation and analysis of nitrogen-bearing compounds in water for stable isotope ratio measurement
Chapter 16 - Bebout, G.E. & Sadofsky, S.J.
 Delta15N analyses of ammonium-rich silicate minerals by sealed-tube extractions and dual inlet, viscous-flow mass spectrometry
Chapter 17 - Hashizume, K. & Marty, B.
 Nitrogen analysis at the picomole level using an ultra-low blank laser extraction technique
Chapter 18 - Johnston, J. & Thiemens, M.
 Mass independently fractionated ozone in the Earth's atmosphere and in the laboratory
Chapter 19 - Toyoda, S. & Yoshida, N.
 Site-specific nitrogen analysis in N2O by mass spectrometry
Chapter 20 - Taylor, B.
 Fluorination methods in stable isotope analysis (under revision)
Chapter 21 - Gan,K.S., Wong, S.C. & Farquhar, G.D.
 Oxygen isotope analysis of plant water without extraction procedure
Chapter 22 - Lécuyer, Ch.
 Oxygen isotope analysis of phosphates
Chapter 23 - Saurer, M. & Siegwolf, R.
 Pyrolysis techniques for oxygen isotope analysis of cellulose
Chapter 24 - Borella, S., Ménot, G. & Leuenberger, M.
 Sample homogeneity and cellulose extraction from plant tissue for stable isotope analyses
Chapter 25 - Ding, T.
 Analytical methods for silicon isotope determinations
Chapter 26 - Mayer, B. & Krouse, H.R.
 Procedures for sulfur isotope abundance studies (under revision)
Chapter 27 - Boettcher, M. & Schnetger, B.
 Direct measurement of the concentration and isotopic composition of sulfur in black shales by means of combustion- isotope-ratio-monitoring mass spectrometry (C-irmMS)
Chapter 28 - Eggenkamp, H.
 Summary of methods for determining the stable isotope composition of chlorine and bromine in natural materials
Chapter 29 - Johnson, T.M. & Bullen, T.D.
 Selenium, iron and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method
Chapter 30 - Ireland, T.
 SIMS measurement of stable isotopes
Chapter 31 - Rehkämper, M., Aggarwal, J. & Wombacher, F.
 Stable isotope analysis by multiple collector ICP-MS
Chapter 32 - Quétel, C. & Diemer, J.
 Different isotope ratio measurement applications for different types of ICP-MS: Comparative study of the performance capabilities and limitations
Chapter 33 - Lyon, I.
 Isotope ratio analysis techniques using photoionization as a source of ions
Chapter 34 - Kerstel, E.
 Isotope ratio infrared spectrometry
Chapter 35 - Wayne, D.M.
 Glow discharge mass spectrometry: Fundamentals and potential applications in stable isotope geochemistry
Chapter 36 - Karlsson, H.
 The use of molecular sieves in stable isotope analysis
Chapter 37 - Berglund, M.
 Introduction to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)


PART 2
Chapter 38 - Brand, W.
 Mass spectrometry hardware for analysing stable isotope ratios
Chapter 39 - Halas, S. & Durakiewicz, T.
 Techniques of ion current stabilization in IRMS
Chapter 40 - Groening, M.
 International stable isotope reference materials
Chapter 41 - Taylor, P.D.P., Valkiers, S. & De Bièvre, P.
 Measuring SI traceable (ÔabsoluteÕ) isotope ratios: methodology, its relevance and instrumentation used
Chapter 42 - Kipphardt, H.
 Tracebility in isotopic measurements
Chapter 43 - Verkouteren, R.M.
 Strategies and practicalities in the production and use of gas isotope standard materials
Chapter 44 - Coleman, M.
 Data corrections for mass-spectrometer analysis of SO2
Chapter 45 - Leckrone, K. & Ricci, M.
 Oxygen isotope corrections in continuous-flow measurements of SO2
Chapter 46 - Sheppard, S.M.F.
 Experimental measurement of isotopic fractionation factors, kinetics and mechanism of reaction
Chapter 47 - Meier-Augenstein, W.
 Laboratory set-up for GC-MS and continuous flow IRMS
Appendix A
 Isogeochem list
Appendix B
 The WEB stable isotope fractionation calculator
Appendix C
 Suppliers of reference materials



Volume II
P.A. de Groot

PART 3
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Hydrogen
 1-0 - Introduction
 1-1 - Water sampling techniques
 1-2 - Hydrogen isotopes in waters from different sources,
 1-3 - Hydrogen isotopes in organic compounds
 1-4 - Hydrogen absorbed in metals
 1-5 - Labelled water methods
Chapter 2 - Lithium (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 6)
Chapter 3 - Boron (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 7)
Chapter 4 - Carbon
 4-1 - Carbon isotopes in organic materials
 4-2 - Carbon isotopes in gas compounds (see Chapters 16 and 17)
 4-3 - Carbon isotopes of compounds from water (see Chapter 15)
 4-4 - Carbon isotopes of compounds in rock material (see Chapter 13-1,2,3)
 4-5 - Carbon and oxygen isotopes in carbonate rock and minerals
 (Section by H. Le Q. Stuart-Willams and P.A. de Groot on properties of phosphoric acid)
 4-6 - Carbon isotopes in graphite and diamond
 4-7 - Carbon isotopes in cyanides
 4-8 - Carbon isotopes in SiC (moisannite)
Chapter 5 - Nitrogen
 5-1 - Nitrogen isotopes in nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and cyanide
 5-2 - Nitrogen isotopes in organic materials
 5-3 - Nitrogen isotopes in gaseous compounds (see Chapters 16 and 17)
Chapter 6 - Oxygen
 6-1 - Oxygen isotopes in silicate-minerals and in rock samples
 6-2 - Oxygen isotopes in water
 6-3 - Oxygen isotopes in organic compounds
 6-4 - Oxygen isotopes in sulfates
 6-5 - Oxygen isotopes in phosphates (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 22)
 6-6 - Oxygen isotopes in carbonates (see Chapter 4-5)
 6-7 - Oxygen isotopes in nitrates
 6-8 - Oxygen isotopes in metal-oxides
 6-9 - 17O
 (Chapter by S. Assonov & P.A. de Groot)
Chapter 7 - Silicon (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 25)
Chapter 8 - Sulfur
 8-0 - Introduction
 8-1 - Sulfur isotopes in sulfides
 8-2 - Sulfur isotopes in native sulfur
 8-3 - Sulfur isotopes in sulfates
 8-4 - Sulfur isotopes in organic materials
 8-5 - Sulfur isotopes of sulfur in metals
Chapter 9 - Chlorine (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 28)
Chapter 10 - Selenium
Chapter 11 - Bromine (see Volume I, Part 1, Chapter 28)
Chapter 12 - Stable isotopes of: Mg, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Se
 (Section by Isaac B. Brenner on collision cells)
 12-0 - Introduction
 12-1 - Magnesium isotopes
 12-2 - Potassium isotopes
 12-3 - Calcium isotopes
 12-4 - Titanium isotopes
 12-5 - Vanadium isotopes
 12-6 - Chromium isotopes
 12-7 - Iron isotopes
 12-8 - Nickel isotopes
 12-9 - Copper isotopes
 12-10 - Zinc isotopes
 12-11 - Gallium isotopes
 12-12 - Germanium isotopes
Chapter 13 - Whole rock and soil-sediment analytical techniques
 & stepped heating methods
 13-1 - Whole rock analytical techniques
 13-2 - Soil & sediment analytical techniques
 13-3 - Stepped heating methods
Chapter 14 - Fluids and gases from inclusions or dissolved in rocks
 or glasses (H, C, N, O - isotopes)
Chapter 15 - Stable isotopes of compounds in water reservoirs
Chapter 16 - Atmospheric - tropospheric - stratospheric compounds
Chapter 17 - Non atmospheric natural gases
 (Section by B. Mayer & H.R. Krouse on sampling of H2S from natural gas)
Chapter 18 - Absolute stable isotope measurement
Chapter 19 - Mass spectrometer correction and calibration procedures
Chapter 20 - Isotope separation techniques
Appendix A - List of stable isotopes and their relative abundances in nature
Appendix B - Sample preparation methods
Appendix C - Vacuum technology related matters
Appendix D - Chemicals commonly used for stable isotope analytical
 preparations and their risks
Appendix E - List of theses of interest for stable isotope
 analytical techniques
Appendix F - Handbooks reviewing or discussing the use of stable isotopes